Anthropogenic influence on seasonal and spatial variation in bioelements and non-essential elements in honeybees and their hemolymph

Honeybee colony losses have been a focus of research in the last years, due to importance managed honeybee colonies for economy and ecology. Different unfavorable conditions from outside environment strong impact on hive health. The majority occur mainly during winter exact reason is not completely understood. Only small number studies are dealing with content bioelements, their function influence physiology. aim present study was determine seasonal spatial variations bioelements non-essential elements, hemolymph whole body honeybees originating three regions different degrees urbanization industrialization. Concentrations 16 elements were compared: macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, Na), microelements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr) samples collected 3 environments: Golija (rural region), Belgrade (urban region) Zajača (industrial region). Content under noticeable surrounding environment, season degree activity. Hemolymph proven be helpful differentiating air pollution other sources exposure. results our demonstrated that bees can successfully used as biomonitors since we observed statistically significant differences among locations, but unless compared locations exposed excessively pressures, it essential all should at same season.